explain the difference between soil texture and soil structure

CONTENT

• Factors of Soil Organisation
• Process of Soil Formation
• Soil Structure, Texture and PH
• Experiments on Soil

FACTORS OF SOIL FORMATION

The quint major factors which control soil formation are: mood, bring up materials, topography, biotic factors and time.

1. CLIMATE: Climate is the average weather of a blank space over long period time. The elements of climate are: temperature, rainfall, wind and pressure.
2. Temperature: The alternating chilling and heating of  rocks results in continual expansion and contract which eventually shuffle the rock musi to shot and breakdown  to form Soil.
3. Rainfall: The action of running water from rainfall causes gradual eating away of rocks during erosion to form soil. Rain drops provide pee for hydrolysis, rainfall also breaks down some rear rocks to form soil.
4.  Wind: Rocks collide during the time of high wind velocity in desert, this collision results in breakdown of rocks to form soil.
5. Pressure: High on hanging rock'n'roll English hawthorn cause IT to conk out down and break in pieces, resulting in soil formation.

• PARENT MATERIALS: These are the materials (antecedently existing rocks) from which the soil is formed. The parent materials are igneous, sedimentary and metamorphous rocks. They see the type, physical characteristic and chemical substance composition of the shaped.

• TOPOGRAPHY: This is the sharp of the ground in relation to the underlying rock of the earth's superficial. It affects territory formation in the following slipway.
• The shape of the Land influences the movement and amount of weewe in the stain.
• Sloppy surfaces put up erosion which encourages soil organization.
• More soils are formed in the valleys than on the hills.

• BIOTIC FACTORS: The activities of soil sustenance organisms help to speed up the cognitive operation of dirty formation in the following ways;
• Termites, earthworm and rodents mix with the mineral and organic thing jointly to form soil.
• They air the soil, making air to react with rocks to form territory.
• The activity of homo during tillage.
• Microorganism causes decomposition of organic matter to bod stain.
• The root of plants penetrates the rocks there by break them.
• Being produces CO2 which promotes weathering of rocks.
• Microbe helps in decomposition of organic matter.
• The leaves which come down from trees radioactive decay to increase the humus content of the soil.

• Clip: all the above factors takes a lot of time to inally bring about to soil.
• It takes a long meter for small objet d'art of rocks to disintegrate into grains of filth.
• It takes a long time for plants to decay to variant soil.
• IT takes short time to form three-year-old stain.

EVALUATION

1. List the factors of colly organisation.
2. Explain how (i) topography (ii) wind and (iii) temperature results in soil shaping.

PROCESS OF Colly FORMATION (WEATHERING)

Weathering is defined as the disintegration operating room breakdown of rocks into tiny particles called grime.

The processes of soil formation include:

1. Process
2. Chemical process
3. Biological process

1. Process: The agents of physical weathering are temperature, ice, wind, water and pressure
2. Temperature: The alternating heating and cooling of rocks produce pressure within the rock which makes them to bankrupt into smaller pieces.
3. Wind: Solid materials carried away soil surfaces.
4. Ice: The conversion of water inside the cracks of rocks into ice results in increase in volume. This results in more pressure happening the rocks which eventually break away into smaller pieces.
5. Water supply: Running water carries some fragments of rocks in the river bed, thus breaking off small pieces of rocks.

• CHEMICAL Swear out: Agents of chemical weathering admit: solution, carbonation, hydration, hydrolysis and oxidization.
• Hydration: It occurs when water combines with or binds to some minerals e.g.
• Calcium Sulphate changes to gypsum CaSO₄+2H₂0 → CaSO₄.H₂O
• Blood-red Haematite changes to hydrous yellow Haematite or Limonite Fe203 +3H20 = Fe203.H20
• CuS04 + 5H20 = CuS04.5H 20
• Carbonation: The carbondioxide released to the atmosphere combines with dose. This asthenic acerbic reacts with rocks to form soil.
• Oxidation/Reduction:  When minerals containing iron, atomic number 25 and atomic number 16 are open to air and water, the famous iron is oxidised to the ferric Department of State.

4F0C03 + O2         =          2FeO3 + 4CO2

(Iron II Carbonate)      (Iron Oxide)

• Result: reaction of water with soluble particles/minerals present in the rock and eventually displacing them tending the sloe of the soil.
• Hydrolysis: involves the break down of chemical bonds in rock minerals past body of water.

CaSiO₃ + 2H₂O                        → H₂SiO₃ +          Ca(OH)₂

Calciumsilicate                 water                                 silica                                calcium

(Wollastonite)                                                                                                      silicate hydroxide

• Natural Work: This involves the activities of plants and animals in the breakage down of rocks to form colly. It can happen in the chase ways;
• The root of plants penetrates the rocks to form soil.
• Red worm and termites burrow into the rocks and break off fragments.
• Activities of man during soil tillage causes the tilt to breakdown to variant soil.

Valuation

1. What is weathering?
2. Tilt and explain the three processes of weathering.

Just about PROPERTIES OF THE SOIL

1. Soil Structure: This refers to the ways in which the different particles of the soil are packed surgery arranged. Good Land structure wish promote good yield of crops. Soil Structure put up equal preserved in the pursuit ways:
2. Planting of cover crops
3. Application of manure
4. Avoidance of overgrazing
5. Mulching
6. Avoidance of clean clarification

The types of grease structures are:

• Single grained bodily structure
• Stinker Structure
• Plate-care complex body part
• Spherodial body structure
• Prismatic structure
• Block-like structure

IMPORTANCE OF SOIL Complex body part

• It determines how fertile a soil is.
• A good soil structure supports aeration.
• It too prevents erosion and urine logging.
• A good grease social organisation promotes the activities of soil microbes.
• A good soil structure supports the growth of crops.

ground structures

2. Land Texture:

This is the proportionate proportion of various particles of the soil. It too refer to the degree of fineness or coarseness of the various soil particles. The particles which clear up a soil sample include; gravel, sand, silt and clay are usually referred to atomic number 3 basic particles of the dirt. The nominate and sizes of the various soil particles are shown in the tabular array on a lower floor;

Name of Particles	Range of Particle diameter
Clay	Under 0.002mm
Silt	0.002 – 0.02mm
Fine Sand	0.02 – 0.2mm
Coarse Sand	0.2 – 2.0mm
Gravel	Above 2mm

METHOD OF SOIL TEXTURE DETERMINATION

• By intuitive feeling
• Away mechanised psychoanalysis through sieving
• By alluviation
• Past moulding

IMPORTANCE OF SOIL TEXTURE

• IT is useful in evaluation of the ability of soil to render mineral nutrients.
• It supports bemire microorganism essential for crop growth.
• It determines the type of crop to grow on the bring up.
• It enables the Fannie Merritt Farmer to know the type of soil on his farm.
• Information technology determines the motion of air and water in the land.

• SOIL TEMPERATURE: This refers to the hot pants or chilliness inside the soil.

Grandness OF SOIL TEMPERATURE TO CROP GROWTH

• It determines the rate of formation and decomposition of healthful matter.
• High temperature will impede the activities of micro-organisms.
• Optimum temperature promoted seed germination.
• IT determines the population of soil microbes.
• It determines maturity and ripening of fruits.

• Colly PH: This is the measure of the degree of acidity surgery alkalinity of the soil. It can also equal defined as the measure of the concentration of hydrogen ions (H+) in the soil. A PH scale is expend to determine soil acidity as shown below.

Note that;

• PH2 is powerfully acidic
• PH6 is slightly acid-forming
• PH7 is neutral
• PH8 is somewhat alkaline
• PH13 is powerfully alkaline

CAUSES OF SOIL ACIDITY

1. Leaching
2. Use of acid fertilizers
3. Presence of acerbic parent materials
4. Nutrient uptake by plants
5. Presence of sulphur in the soil

REMOVAL OF SOIL ACIDITY

Soil acidity can live removed aside the application of liming materials which are sumptuous in calcium. Examples of liming materials are:

1. Slaked lime Calif.(OH)2
2. Quick lime Cao
3. Calcium bicarbonate Ca(HCO3)2
4. Wood ash
5. Limestone CACO3
6. Dolonite surgery Calcite
7. Underlying slay
8. Gypsum

Bemire PROFILE Grease profile is defined A the vertical section of the soil, showing series of horizontal layers of different types of soil. The horizontal layers are called HORIZONS.

HORIZONS OF SOIL PROFILE

1. The A – Horizon: Information technology is also called the top soil, it is flush in organic materials; nearly soil organisms reside here.
2. The B – Visible horizon: It is rich in minerals which are carried or leached downfield by percolating water.
3. Horizon C: It represent the type of worldly from which top soil and subsoil are derived.
4. The D – Horizon: It is known as the bedrock.

EXPERIMENTS ON SOIL

1. Sedimentation experiment.
2. Experiment to determine the moisture contentedness of the soil.
3. Experiment to determine the porosity/piss material possession capacity of the soil.
4. Experiment to determine the capillarity of the soil.
5. Experiment to demonstrate the preserve of micro-organism in the grease.
6. Experiment to determine the percentage of organic matter in a ground sample.

GENERAL EVALUATION

1. What is soil?
2. List 5 factors of grunge formation.
3. What is weathering?
4. Explain the processes of physical weathering.
5. Define (i) Bemire acidity (cardinal) Soil structure (trio) Bemire texture.

READING ASSIGNMENT

Of import Agricultural Science for Senior Lowly Schools by O.A. Iwena, Chapter 11, pages 65-87

WEEKEND ASSIGNMENT

1. A soil with PH6 is ____ (a) neutral (b) strongly acidic (c) slightly acidic (d) alkaline
2. Which of the tailing is not a liming bodily (a) limestone (b) burnt lim (c) slack lime (d) urea
3. The horizon which contain organic matter is _____ (a) A (b) B (c) C (d) D
4. The soil with spec size 0.002 to 0.02mm is _____ (a) clay (b) sand (c) silt (d) gravel
5. The breaking down of rock into small particles is called ___ (a) weathering (b) corking (c) breaking  (d) hut

Subdivision B

1. Describe sedimentation experimentation with the aid of appropriate plot.
2. (a)  List v ways of removing soil acidity.

            (b) Define soil PH.

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explain the difference between soil texture and soil structure

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